ÔN NGỮ PHÁP THI TN.PHPT

 

TENSES

                Hình Thức Cơ Bản Của Động Từ Trong Tiếng Anh

Khẳng định		hình thức	Phủ	Nghi vấn
S	will	V0	thêm  not	Will + S +  V0 ?
		V1/s/es	do not V0	Do + S + V0 ?
		V2/ed	did not V0	Did + S + V0 ?
	have	V3/ed	thêm  not	Have + S + V3/ed ?
	has	V3/ed	thêm  not	Has + S + V3/ed ?
	had	V3/ed	thêm  not	Had + S + V3/ed ?
	is/are/am	V_ing	thêm  not	Is/.. + S + V_ing ?
	was/were		thêm  not	Was + S + V_ing ?

                   Phủ định thêm not ,riêng V1/s/es/2/ed thì mượn don’t/doesn’t/didn’t

 

THÌ	CÁCH SỬ DỤNG	Trạng Từ (TỪ CHÌA KHÓA)
Will Vo	Hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai.	Someday, tomorrow, next + time,  soon…
V1/s/es	1- Chân lý, sự thực hiển nhiên. 2- Thói quen, một hành động xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại 3- Việc diễn ra theo quy luật tự nhiên.	-Often, usually,always, constantly, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly, -every + time ( every day/ week/ month…) -Once a week, twice a month, 3 times a week..1,2,3
V2/ed	Hành động đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ, không liên quan gì đến hiện tại.	- Last + (time);      - (time) + ago - Yesterday  ; In 1999… - When I was a boy/ a child/ 5 years
Have/has V3/ed	1- Vừa mới xảy ra. 2- Lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ.( 1 haønh ñoäng dieãn ra nhieàu laàn keå töø quaù khöù ñeán hieän taïi  several times , two times , three times , some times …) 3- Bắt đầu trong quá khứ mà còn kéo dài đến hiện tại, có khả năng tiếp diễn đến tương lai.(since,for) 4- Đã xảy ra nhưng không rõ thời gian. 5- Đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong q/khứ nhưng kết quả còn lưu lại ở h/tại.	*  just ,recently ,lately  gần đây *before *  ever    đã .. từng      * never         chưa .. từng * already   đã …xong       * yet  chưa …xong * since ….2002  từ năm … *for two weeks …khoảng …* several times vài lần* so far = until now = up to now = up to the present -     It’s the first/ second time + HTHT -     so sánh nhất + HTHT ( for + khoảng thời gian; since + tg xác định/mốc tg)
Had V3/ed	Hành động xảy ra trước một mốc thời gian hoặc một hành động khác trong quá khứ.( neáu trong 2 haønh ñoäng ôû Qk thì haønh ñoäng naøo xaûy ra tröôùc thì ta duøng  QKHT , haønh ñoäng naøo xaûy ra sau thì QKĐ )	- S + had + V3/ed  before  S + V2/ed - S + had + V3/ed by the time  S + V2/ed   - S + had (already/just)+ V3/ed  when   S + V2/ed   - S + V2/ed   after  S + had + V3/ed - S + V2/ed   as soon as S + had + V3/ed
Is/are/am Ving	1- Hành động đang diễn ra (và kéo dài ) tại một thời điểm ở hiện tại. Hoặc 2 haønh ñoäng xaûy ra ñoàng thôøi ôû hieän taïi ( while ) 2- Hành động sắp xảy ra ở tương lai gần (t/gian đặt rõ ra) 3/ sau câu mệnh lệnh, sau câu hỏi	Now, right now, at present, at the moment while , when , as – khi , trong khi không dùng thì này với các V chỉ trạng thái, nhận thức, tri giác như : be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, feel, think, smell, love, hate, remember,  realize, seem…,
Was/were Ving	1- Hành động đang xảy ra tại 1 thời điểm xác định trong q/khứ. 2- Hành động đã xảy ra và kéo dài một thời gian ở quá khứ (có ý kêu ca, phàn nàn)	- At + mốc thời gian xác định  trong quá khứ Vd: At this time last week, at this time yesterdday,  At eight o’clock last night/ yesterday - Khi có while , when thì hành động nào dài hơn, sớm hơn ta dùng QKTD , còn lại ta dùng QKĐ
Will be Ving	Hành động sẽ đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong tương lai.	- At + mốc thời gian xác định ở tương lai. + At 7:00 am tomorrow
Will have V3/ed	Hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một mốc thời gian hoặc một hành động khác trong t/ lai.	- By (before) + mốc thời gian trong tương lai. + By then, by the time

 

CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ

1/ Mệnh đề Trạng Ngữ chỉ thời gian được bắt đầu bằng when,by the time, before,till, until, after, as soon as), since, while…

   Các trường hợp có cấu trúc cố định

1- S + had + V3/ed  before  S + V2/ed

2- S + had + V3/ed by the time  S + V2/ed  

3- S + had (already/just)+ V3/ed  when   S + V2/ed  

4- S + V2/ed   after  S + had + V3/ed

5- S + V2/ed   as soon as S + had + V3/ed

6 - S + have/has V3/ed  + O since S + V2/ed .

Cần chú ý các trường hợp không thuộc cấu trúc trên thì phải xét

 

Sự hoà hợp về thời gian	Các trường hợp đặc biệt
- Hiện tại  D Hiện tại - Hiện tại  D tương lai - Quá khứ D Quá khứ	- không chia tương lai trong MĐ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian (sau when,by the time, before,till, until, after, as soon as …..) - không chia tiếp diễn trong MĐ có before, after - Khi mệnh đề chính ở tương lai/tương lai tiếp diễn thì ta chọn V1/s/es - có while thường có tiếp diễn ngay sau nó

 

- Khi mệnh đề chính ở tương lai/tương lai tiếp diễn thì ta chọn V1/s/es

ex:  Tomorrow I will give her this book when I meet her.

       Tomorrow when you arrive at the airport, I will be standing at the gate.(bạn đến lúc đó tôi đang đợi )
       By the time you come ,I will have gone out .     
- Hành động đang xảy ra dùng Qúa khứ tiếp diễn  - Hành động cắt ngang dùng Qúa khứ đơn 
       Cách nhận dạng ra loại này:   Phải dịch nghĩa của câu,các động từ cắt ngang thường là :come, meet, see, start, begin…..
         I was playing soccer when it began to rain.(mưa cắt ngang hành động chơi bóng)

         While I was eating, my mother was cooking. 

- Cả hai hành động đều chia Qúa khứ đơn
+ Dịch nghĩa thấy 2 hành động xảy ra liên tục nhau
ex:  When he came home, he opened the door 
+ Khi mệnh đề when có các chữ sau: lived, was, were 
ex:  When Mr cucku lived in HCM city, he studied at TBT school.
       When he was a child, he had a habit of getting up late.
- Hành động xảy ra trước dùng Qúa khứ hoàn thành, hành động sau dùng Qúa khứ đơn
 Các dấu hiệu thường gặp là :just, already, for + khoảng thời gian 
ex:  When I came, he had already gone out (khi tôi đến anh ta đã đi rồi )
       When I came, he had gone out for two hours (khi tôi đến anh ta đã đi đựơc hai tiếng rồi )
- Cũng có thể dịch qua nghĩa 
ex:   I didn’t meet Tom because when I came, he had gone out .(dấu hiệu là do tôi không gặp -> đã đi rồi )

  Tomorrow I ( wait) for you here when you come. ( cắt nhau ở tương lai => dùng tương lai tiếp diễn : will be waiting )

  Yesterday I (eat )  lunch when he came. ( cắt nhau ở quá khứ => dùng quá khứ tiếp diễn : was eating )

1/ He was talking on the phone when I arrived.

2/ When she called, he had already eaten lunch.

3/ We will finish before he arrives.

4/ We will finish after he comes.

5/ She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.

6/ We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.

7/ I'll wait till you finish.

8/ As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call.

9/ He will let us know as soon as he decides

10/ After Mariana _______ her exam, I will take her out to eat.

 

2/  CLAUSES OF CONDITION ( MEÄNH ÑEÀ ÑIEÀU KIEÄN )

TYPE ( Loaïi )	IF  CLAUSE (mđ phụ if )	MAIN  CLAUSE (mđ chính)
I / Future Possible ( coù theå xaûy ra ôû töông lai )	Simple Present ( Hieän taïi ñôn )	will   can         +  Vo   shall   may
II / Present Unreal ( Khoâng thaät ôû Hieän Taïi )	Past Subjunctive ( Quùa Khöù  Giaû Ñònh ) V2 / ed were   cho taát caû caùc ngoâi	would   could      +  Vo   should   might
III / Past Unreal ( Khoâng thaät ôû Quaù Khöù )	Past Perfect Subjunctive ( Quaù Khöù Hoaøn Thaønh Giaû Ñònh ) Had +  V3 / ed	would   could      +  have  +  V3 / ed   should

IF CLAUSE …..®  UNLESS

• cả 2 mệnh đề chỉ có 1 not thì bỏ if và not. Cả 2 MĐ đều có not thì bỏ not trong mđ if.
• Cả 2 mđ đều không có not thì ta thêm vào mđ chính

ex : +  If you don’t study hard , you will fail the exam .                +   If  I have time  ,  I will help you .

        ®  Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam .               ®  Unless I have time  ,  I will not  help you .                

        + If she hadn’t told me, I would not have known that news.             +   If  we had more rain , our crops would grow faster .

       ® Unless she had told me, I would not have known that news.  ®  Unless we had more rain ,our crops would not

                                                                                                                                                                                       grow faster .

3 / CLAUSE AFTER  Wish , If Only  ( MEÄNH ÑEÀ SAU  WISH vaø IF ONLY )

            Sau   Wish vaø   If Only ta duøng Meänh ñeà chæ ñieàu ÖÔÙC MONG , ÖÔÙC MUOÁN khoâng thaät . Coù 3 loaïi meänh ñeà sau Wish vaø IF Only . Do ñoù phaûi ñoåi   Khaúng Ñònh                                   Phuû Ñònh  gioáng IF

I / Future wish   ( Ao öôùc ôû Töông Lai  )        S + WISH    +   S  +   would / could  + Vo                                            V2 / ed  ; were	+ I wish I would be an astronaut in the future . (hoặc If only I would be an astronaut in the future . ) + Tom wishes he were coming with us .
II / Present wish   ( Ao öôùc ôû Hieän Taïi )       S + WISH    +   S  +    would / could  + Vo                                        V2 / ed  ; were	+ I wish I were not poor  . ( I am poor now . ) + I wish I could swim . ( I can’t swim . ) + We wish we didn’t have to go to class today .  ( We have to go to class today . ) + I wish Ben were here . ( Ben is not here . )    Hoaëc   If only Ben were here .
III / Past wish    ( Ao öôùc ôû Quaù Khöù )   S + WISH    +   S  +     would / could  + have  + V3 / ed                                         had + V3 / ed	+ I wish I had not failed my exam last year . (  I failed my exam last year . ) + She wishes she could have been there .  ( She could not be there . )

 *    Note :    +   Ta coù theå duøng     IF ONLY           thay cho    S +  wish   (    IF ONLY  =    S +  wish  )

                      +   Khi söï kieän coù    CAN  /  WILL   thì ta seõ duøng   COULD  , WOULD  trong caâu öôùc muoán .    

                           Neáu khoâng coù    CAN /  WILL  ta seõ duøng    V2 / Ed  ; Were      hoaëc    Had + V3 / Ed

4 / PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE  ( Cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ mục đích )

I / Phrases of purpose :  cụm từ      -  In Order To  /  So As To   /   To Infinitive   để mà…

Dạng khẳng         in order to                      phủ :thêm not                       in order   not   to      +   V o

        S    +  V   +    so as to           +  V o                                       S    +  V   +     so as         not   to      +   V o

                             to                                                             (không dùng  not to  )

EX : + I try to study in order to pass my exam .                                   +  He studied hard so as not to fail in the exam .

         + I try to study to pass my exam .                                              +  He studied hard in order not to fail in the exam .

II / clauses of purpose :  mệnh đề chỉ mục đích  -  so that  / in order that ( chú ý sự hoà hợp thời gian)

                                     in order that                          will / would

S  +  V ; V2 / ed  +         so that            +    S    +         can / could          ( not ) +  Vo

                                                                                       may / might

EX :   +  I try to study so that I can pass the exam .                        + He studied hard in order that he could not fail the exam .

* Note : -  Khi ñoäng töø cuûa meänh ñeà chính ôû hieän taïi thì ta duøng    Will  / Can  /   hoaëc May           + Vo ôû meänh ñeà phuï  .

           -  Khi ñoäng töø cuûa meänh ñeà chính ôû quaù khöù  thì ta duøng Would  /  Could  /  hoaëc Might   + Vo ôû meänh ñeà phuï .

 

5 / PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT  Từ cụm từ chỉ kết quả

I / Phrases of Result :    Cụm từ chỉ kết quả  Too ……   to   -   quá …. để           Và       Enough ….  -  đủ….để

1 /          S   +   be  +   too   +   ADJ  +  ( for + O )  +   to – infinitive

                         V                     ADV 

EX : +  He is  too short to play basketball .                  +  This table is too heavy for me to lift it .

         +  This book is too interesting for me to read .   + Tom ran too slowly to become the winner of the race .

* Note : “ TOO ….. TO “ thường được dùng trong câu có nghĩa phủ định ( quá………………..  không thể )

                  không dùng “ too …not to Vo”

2 /          S   +  be      +  ADJ   +  enough   +  ( for + O )  +  to – infinitive

              S   +  Vthg  +  ADV   

EX :  +  Mary isn’t old enough to drive a car .             +  She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter .

          +  It is cold enough to wear a heavy jacket .                  + This table is light enough for her to lift it .

3 /  Ta còn có cấu trúc             S   +  be     + enough   +  Noun  +     to – infinitive

            Ex :  I don’t have enough money to buy this bicycle .

II /  Clauses of Result :   Meänh ñeà chæ Keát Quaû      SO ………………THAT / SUCH………THAT( Quaù ………ñeán noãi )

 1 /       S    +    be  /   V thöôøng     +   SO    +   ADJ / ADV  +  THAT       +   S   +   V   .

 2 /       S    +    be  /   V thöôøng     +   SO    +   ADJ   +  a/an  +  NOUN  +  THAT       +   S   +   V   .

Ex :  +  It was so dark that I couldn’t  see anything .                     +    The soup tastes so good that we will ask for more .

Ex :  + It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoor .            +   It is so good a soup that we will ask for more .

3 /        S    +    be  /   V thöôøng     +   SUCH    +   a/an  +  ADJ  + NOUN   +  THAT       +   S   +   V   .

                                                                               hoặc          ADJ  +  NOUN  +   

Ex : +  There was such beautiful pictures that I want to buy .                  + It is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him.

* NOTES : 

             so many/ few + Ns/es + that

               so much/ little + N  + that   

Ex :  The Smiths had so many boys that they formed their own baseket ball team

         He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now

** too ….to có nghĩa phủ định , enough to có nghĩa khẳng định

Ex: 1/ She is week. She can’t move the table.                 [ She is too week to move the table.

      2/ He is tall. He can reach the switch.                      [ He is tall enough to reach the switch.

     3/  He is so short that he can’t play basketball.      [ He is too short to play  baseket ball

( ta có thể dùng enough và dùng dạng phủ định + tính từ trái nghĩa   He isn’t tall enough to play baseket ball. )

      4/  It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything .     [ It was too dark for me to see anything.

                                                                                                [ It was n’t bright enough for  me.

E /  PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON       (  Cuïm Töø Vaø Meänh Ñeà Chæ Lyù Do  )

 +       S1   +   V   +  O     +    BECAUSE     +   S2   +  V  +    O .               

®      S1   +   V   +  O     +    BECAUSE  OF   Noun / N Phrase / V-ing Phrase .            

Ex  :  +    He was absent because he was ill .

        ®    He was absent because of his illness .                 Or        ®    He was absent because of being ill .

         +    We can go out because it rains .                                       ®  We can go out because of the rain .

         +    She walked slowly  because her leg was injured .                       ®  She walked slowly  because of her injured leg .

         +   She went to bed early because she felt tired .                 ® She went to bed early because  of feeling tired .

• Note  :  Khi S1 = S2 laø moät thì ta duøng  V- ing Phrase   (  bỏ S và ñoåi ñoäng töø sau BECAUSE Thaønh V-ing  )

F /  PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION  ( Cuïm Töø vaø Meänh Ñeà Chæ Söï  Nhöôïng Boä  ) Duøng noái caâu

1 / Phrases of concession :      In Spite Of  /  Despite   +   N / N phrase  / V-ing phrase            maëc duø , cho duø

2 / Clause of concession :   although  /  though  /  even though  +   S  +  V  ,  S  +  V  +  O .     duø   ,   cho duø

Ex :  +  He is very rich . He is not happy .         ®    Although he is very rich , he is not happy .

      ®    Despite being very rich ,  he is not happy .

         +  She tried . She was not successful .       ®  Though she tried , she was not successful . /  In Spite Of trying ,  she …

Coi laïi caùch ñoåi Töø   Because   sang  Because Of 

G /  RELATIVE CLAUSES  ( Meänh ñeà quan heä )

*  Meänh ñeà quan heä ñöôïc baét ñaàu baèng caùc Ñaïi Töø Quan heä WHO , WHOM , WHICH ,THAT , WHOSE  hoặc caùc Traïng Töø Quan Heä WHEN , WHERE , WHY  . Noù ñöôïc duøng ñeå boå nghóa cho danh töø ñöùng tröôùc noù

Ex : a / The man is Mr. Pike . He is standing over there .             ® The man who is standing over there is Mr. Pike.

        b / The women is my aunt . You saw her yesterday .             ® The women whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.

       c /  That is the book .  I like it best .                                          ® That is the book that  I like best .

       d /  I’ll never forget the day . I met her on that day .                      ® I’ll never forget the day  when  I met her .

       e /  That is the house . We are living in this house now .               ® That is the house  where  we are living now .

       f /  I don’t know the reason . She left school for it .                        

CÁCH GIẢI BÀI TẬP DÙNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ WHO ,WHICH...

DẠNG 1 : NỐI 2 CÂU

Bước 1 : xác định MQHệ và thay thế bằng các Đại Từ Qhệ (who/whom/whose/which)

Câu đầu chọn N sau		Câu sau thường là
a/ an/ the	Nngười	S	O	TTSH + N	hoặc N giống N phía trước
TTSH
This/that/these/those		who	whom	whose + N
Từ chỉ số lg		Nếu N là vật thì dùng which
hoặc là	Nriêng

 Ex:   The man is my father. You met him yesterday.

     -> The man is my father. You met whom yesterday. (bỏ him vì được thay bằng whom)

Bước 2: đem who/whom/whose/which lên đầu câu của nó. Đem toàn bộ câu có Đại từ quan hệ đặt ngay sau nó N có qhệ nếu N đó đứng đầu câu.

->  The man is my father. whom you met yesterday.
->  The man whom you met yesterday is my father.

DẠNG 2 : ĐIỀN VÀO CHỔ TRỐNG/TRẮC NGHIỆM

N trước khoảng trống		khoảng trống	thành phần sau khoảng trống
-a/an/the -ttsh -this/that/these/those -từ chỉ số lượng	N người	who whom whose	V + O ….. S + V + O . …. N + V + O…. N + S + V + O …
	Nvật	which
The first/second/third/fourth/ …last/all/only/any/every/most/  est		that
Ex1                         : This is the man			I told you yesterday .
Mary is the girl			helped me a lot in my job .
That is my bicycle			I bought last year .
She is the woman			son  got accident last night .
Trạng từ liên hệ
the reason, cause		why	=for which
time/day/week/month/year		when	=(in/on/at which)
place		where
Ex1           Can you tell me the day			you’ll leave here ?
Ha Noi is the city			I was born.
Twelve is the time			I leave for Cantho.
Who can tell me the cause			The fire happened ?
I live in HCM city			was built 300 years ago.

Lưu ý : 

1/ không dùng WHEN , WHERE , WHY khi

- trước khoảng trống là giới từ	The house in __which__ I live is nice
- sau khoảng trống là động từ	Do you know the city _______ is near here ?
- phía sau động từ người ta có chừa lại giới từ in/ on/ at/ for	The house ________ I live in is nice .

2/ Bắt buộc dùng THAT
- Khi N mà nó thay thế gồm 2 danh từ trở lên trong đó vừa có ngừơi vừa có vật 

- N sau the first/second/third/fourth/last/the most/the ­est/only/all/any/every…

3/ dùng dấu phẩy Khi danh từ đứng trước who ,which,whom... là :

+ Danh từ riêng ,tên riêng	Ha Noi, which .... Mary, who is ...
+ Có this ,that ,these ,those đứng trước danh từ :	This book, which ....
+ Có sở hửu đứng trước danh từ :	My mother, who is ....
+ Là vật duy nhất ai cũng biết :	Sun ( mặt trời ), moon ( mặt trăng ) The Sun, which ...

4/ Đặt dấu phẩy ở đâu ?
- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở giữa thì dùng 2 dấu phẩy đặt ở đầu và cuối mệnh đề 
            My mother , who is a cook , cooks very well 
- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở cuối thì dùng một dấu phẩy đặt ở đầu mệnh đề ,cuối mệnh đề dùng dấu chấm .
            This is my mother, who is a cook .

      DẠNG 3: RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

 

  Khi rút gọn MĐQH ta lượt bỏ đại who/that/which và đổi động từ theo dạng sau             

		Lượt bỏ	Dạng động từ	Đổi thành
-a/an/the -ttsh -this/that/these/those -từ chỉ số lượng	N	who which that	Vthường be be + Ving/ed	Ving being Ving/ed
the first/second/third/fourth/ …last/all/only/any/every/most/  est		that	Vthường be be + Ving/ed	to V0 to be to be V3/ing

 

EXAMPLES

The man who spoke to John is my brother.       The man speaking to John is my brother.

The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.       The books written by To Hoai are interesting.

Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.             Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space.

H/ REPORTED SPEECH ( Caâu giaùn tieáp )

*** Caùc böôùc ñoåi töø caâu Tröïc Tieáp Sang caâu Giaùn tieáp

* Khi ñoäng töø giôùi thieäu (ngoaøi ngoaëc keùp) ôû thì hieän taïi ta chæ Ñoåi theo B1,B2

* Khi ñoäng töø giôùi thieäu (ngoaøi ngoaëc keùp) ôû thì Quaù khöù thì ta phaûi Ñoåi theo B1, B2, B3

- B1: Ñoåi caùc Ñaïi töø trong “ S , O “ sao cho phuø hôïp vôùi Ngöôøi noùi (S) vaø Ngöôøi Nghe (O) ngoài “    “

+  I  me  my    ®  Ñoåi theo Ngöôøi Noùi -S    +  We  us  our             ®        Ñoåi theo ngöôøi noùi khi chuû töø laø soá nhieàu

+ You  your    ®  Ñoåi theo Ngöôøi nghe -O + Ngoâi thöù 3 soá ít, soá nhieàu khoâng ñoåi

- B2: Ñoåi moät  soá Traïng Töø sau

+ now  ® then                        + ago ® before

+ here  ® there                     

+ this  ®  that                        + these ® those   tröôøng hôïp this coù ñoåi hay khoâng thì phaûi xeùt nghóa

+ today ® that day

+ yesterday ® the day before          hoaëc the previous day     ( last week/month/year ® the week/month/year before ….)

+ tomorrow ® the day after hoaëc the following day         ( next week ® the next  week  ….)

- B3: Luøi thì cuûa Ñoäng Töø

+ Hieän taïi  ® Quaù Khöù                    + Quaù khöù  ® Quaù khöù hoaøn thaønh + Töông lai ® W/ C/ Should + Vo

 

 

**Caùch ñoåi  khi Ñoäng töø giôùi thieäu laø …      

 a /  say / says to  +  O                 ®   tell / tells  + O                                    töông töï QK laø   said  ®  told

Ex :  +   The farmer  says , “ I hope it will rain tomorrow .”                 ® The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow .

        +  Tom said to me ,” We will wait until tomorrow “.         ®  Tom told me  they would wait until the following day .

 b , c /   said / asked / warned  (  O )                                             ®  S  +   said / asked / warned / advised ( O )   +     To Vo

                                                                                                           ®  S  +   said / asked / warned / advised ( O )   +  Not To Vo

Ex : + “ Shut the door , Tom “ said she .                                         ®   She asked Tom to shut the door .

       +  “ Don’t hurry “ I said .                                                        ®   I told her not to hurry .

 d /        S  +  said / asked / wonder , “ Be  +   S  + O  ?  “ .            ® S  +   asked / wonder +  O +  if / whether  +  S + be +  O .

 Or  “AUX  + S  + V  +  O  ?  “ ,S  +  said / asked / wonder .        ® S  +  asked / wonder +  O + if / whether  +  S + V +  O .

Ex :  + “ Have you reserved the seat ? “ I asked .                         ®   I asked ( her / him )   if  he / she had reserved the seat .

         +   She asked me , “ Are you enjoying yourself ? “          ®   She wondered   whether   I was enjoying myself .

         +  “ Do puppies travel free ? “ asked the passenger .              ® The passenger wanted to know   if  puppies traveled free .

  e /      S  +  +  said / asked , “ Wh-  Be  +   S  + O  ?  “ .              ®   S   +    wanted to know /  asked     Wh- +   S +  Be  +  O   .            

Or   “Wh-   AUX  +  S  +  V  +  O  ?  “ , +  said / asked + S .       ®  S  +    wanted to know /   asked    Wh- +   S +  V    +  O   .             

Ex : +  I said ,” Why are you so sad ? “                                           ®  I wanted to know why he / she is so sad .

        + “ Where is Mary ? “ , John asked .                                    ® John asked me where Mary was .   

 

The Infinitive or The Gerund

( Nguyên mẫu và Danh động từ )

1/ Verbs followed by the Infinitive  ( V + V-to )

would like, have, hope, want, wish, expect, ask, continue, plan, be going, be able, be willing

ex: - We hope to see you soon.

 

2/ Verbs With Object Followed By The Infinitive

(  động từ có tân ngữ được theo sau bởi V-to )

have, ask, tell, teach, warn, remind, request, encourage, show how

ex: - She encouraged me to try again.

 

3/ Verbs followed by the Gerund  ( V + V-ing )

- like, love, enjoy, dislike, avoid, detest, delay, postpone, finish, keep, practice, suggest, spend . . .

- can’t stand/ can’t bear/ can’t help

- It’s no use / It’s no good

- V + pre. + V-ing                      hoặc  Be + ADJ + pre + V-ing

give up, care for,

be afraid of                                           be sorry for                                          be ashamed of

be interested in                                     be accustomed to                                 be familiar to

be good at                                            be fond of                                             be proud of

be tired of                                             be bored of/ fed up                               be looking forward to

ex: - We can’t help laughing .                - He enjoys doing nothing .                   be surprised at

- Adj + V-to                  Riêng :              be busy / be worth  + V-ing

 

4/ Verbs Followed By Either The Infinitive Or The Gerund

      ( các động từ được theo sau bởi V-ing  hoặc  V-to )   

           remember, forget, stop, quit, try

- Dùng V-to khi diễn đạt sự việc chưa hoàn thành, 1 sự việc sẽ diễn ra

- Dùng V-ing khi diễn đạt sự việc đã xảy ra hoặc tạm dừng

            ex: - I forgot to see her yesterday .                                 - I forgot seeing her yesterday .

5/ Verbs Followed By Gerund Or The Infinitive ( các động từ được theo sau bởi V-ing  hoặc  V-to )

allow, permit, advise, recommend 

có tân ngữ theo sau hoặc có be phía trước thì dùng to V . Ngược lại dùng Ving

ex: - I permit you to go out.                   - People are not allowed to smoke here.             - I permit going out.

 

THE ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

A. Form:

S   +   be   +   V3, ed   (place + by  O + time)

 

Ex: The book was written by Mark Twain

 

B. How to change into the passive voice:

Active:     S                         V                        O

 

 

Passive:   S                BE  + V3, ed                 by + O

 

TENSES	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
1. Simple present	S + Vo/ s/ es	S + am/ is/ are + V3/ ed
2. Simple past	S + V2/ ed	S + was/ were + V3/ ed
3. Simple future	S + will/ can + Vo	S + will/ can + be + V3/ ed
4. Present continuous	S + am/ is/ are + V-ing	S + am/ is/ are + being + V3/ ed
5. Past continuous	S + was/ were + V-ing	S + was/ were + being + V3/ ed
6. Present perfect	S + has/ have  + V3/ ed	S + has/ have  + been  + V3/ ed
7. Past perfect	S + had  + V3/ ed	S + had  + been  + V3/ ed

Ex:

John delivers the newspapers every morning.

The newspapers are delivered by John every morning.

My mother wrote that letter.

                            That letter was written by my mother.

They will build a new school here next month.

           A new school will be built here next month.

He is asking me a lot of questions.

           I am being asked a lot of questions.

She was doing her homework at that time.

                            Her homework was being done at that time.

My mother has made that cake.

                            That cake has been made by my mother.

They had prepared a party before we came.

                            A party had been prepared before we came.

 

 

@ Notes: 

A. Causative forms: have, get

 

VERBS	KINDS	FORMS
Have	Active	S  +  have   + O  (person)   +  Vo
	Passive	S  +  have  + O   (thing)     +  V3/ed
Get	Active	S  +  get     + O   (person)   +  to V
	Passive	S  +  get     + O   (thing)     +  V3/ed

Ex:

1. I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.

                            I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.

2. I get her to make some coffee.

                            I get some coffee made.

 

B.Verbs of opinion: say, think, believe, know, report …

 

KINDS	FORMS
Active	S1      +       VS1        +      that      +       S2       +      VS2
Passive	It      +  be V3/ ed     +      that      +       S2       +      VS2
	S2     +  be V3/ ed     +                  to V(S2)                                                                                                                        to have  V3/ ed

Ex:      People say that he is a famous doctor.

                       It is said that he is a famous doctor.

                       He is said to be a famous doctor.

            People believe that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.

                        It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.

                  He is believed to have driven through the town at 90 km an hour.

 

ARTICLES (Mạo từ)

ARTICLES	USES	EXAMPLES
A or AN	- When we are referring to one thing but it is not one in particular. - When we refer to something for the first time. - In expressions for price, speed…	- I’d like a banana.   - There’s a man at the door.   - $2 a kilo, three times a day.
THE	- When we are referring to a specific thing or things. - When we refer to something for the second time. - When there is only one. - Before some collective nouns referring to a whole group of people. - Before some adjectives to refer to the group in general. - Before supelatives and ordinals. - Before names of musical instruments when we talk about playing them. - Before names of seas, rivers, ships, newspapers, magazines, musical groups and a few names of countries.	- I’ll wear the dress I bought last week.   - There’s a man at the door. I think the man is from the garage. - The world, the sun… - The British, the police, the army, the government…   - The poor, the unemployed…   - The best film, the first time - Can you play the piano?     - The Atlantic Ocean, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the Philippines.
ZERO ARTICLE	- With meals. - With sports. - With holidays. - With school, class, college, university, home, work, church, bed, hospital for their normal use. - With By + item of transport.	- breakfast, lunch, dinner. - football, volleyball. - Christmas, Thanksgiving. - She goes to school every day except Sunday.   - Did you go by train?

 

 

1/ RELATIVE CLAUSE (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)

CÁCH GIẢI BÀI TẬP DÙNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ WHO ,WHICH...

DẠNG 1 : NỐI 2 CÂU

Bước 1 : xác định MQHệ và thay thế bằng các Đại Từ Qhệ (who/whom/whose/which)

 

Câu đầu chọn N sau		Câu sau thường là
a/ an/ the	Nngười	S	O	TTSH + N	hoặc N giống N phía trước
TTSH
This/that/these/those		who	whom	whose + N
Từ chỉ số lg		Nếu N là vật thì dùng which
hoặc là	Nriêng

 Ex:   The man is my father. You met him yesterday.

     -> The man is my father. You met whom yesterday. (bỏ him vì được thay bằng whom)

Bước 2: đem who/whom/whose/which lên đầu câu của nó. Đem toàn bộ câu có Đại từ quan hệ đặt ngay sau nó N có qhệ nếu N đó đứng đầu câu.

->  The man is my father. whom you met yesterday.
->  The man whom you met yesterday is my father.

 

DẠNG 2 : ĐIỀN VÀO CHỔ TRỐNG/TRẮC NGHIỆM

N trước khoảng trống		khoảng trống	thành phần sau khoảng trống
-a/an/the -ttsh -this/that/these/those -từ chỉ số lượng	N người	who whom whose	V + O ….. S + V + O . …. N + V + O…. N + S + V + O …
	Nvật	which
The first/second/third/fourth/ …last/all/only/any/every/most/  est		that
Ex1                         : This is the man			I told you yesterday .
Mary is the girl			helped me a lot in my job .
That is my bicycle			I bought last year .
She is the woman			son  got accident last night .
Trạng từ liên hệ
the reason, cause		why	=for which
time/day/week/month/year		when	=(in/on/at which)
place		where
Ex1           Can you tell me the day			you’ll leave here ?
Ha Noi is the city			I was born.
Twelve is the time			I leave for Cantho.
Who can tell me the cause			The fire happened ?
I live in HCM city			was built 300 years ago.

Lưu ý : 

1/ không dùng WHEN , WHERE , WHY khi

- trước khoảng trống là giới từ	The house in __which__ I live is nice
- sau khoảng trống là động từ	Do you know the city _______ is near here ?
- phía sau động từ người ta có chừa lại giới từ in/ on/ at/ for	The house ________ I live in is nice .

2/ Bắt buộc dùng THAT
- Khi N mà nó thay thế gồm 2 danh từ trở lên trong đó vừa có ngừơi vừa có vật 

- N sau the first/second/third/fourth/last/the most/the ­est/only/all/any/every…

3/ dùng dấu phẩy Khi danh từ đứng trước who ,which,whom... là :

+ Danh từ riêng ,tên riêng	Ha Noi, which .... Mary, who is ...
+ Có this ,that ,these ,those đứng trước danh từ :	This book, which ....
+ Có sở hửu đứng trước danh từ :	My mother, who is ....
+ Là vật duy nhất ai cũng biết :	Sun ( mặt trời ), moon ( mặt trăng ) The Sun, which ...

4/ Đặt dấu phẩy ở đâu ?
- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở giữa thì dùng 2 dấu phẩy đặt ở đầu và cuối mệnh đề 
            My mother , who is a cook , cooks very well 
- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở cuối thì dùng một dấu phẩy đặt ở đầu mệnh đề ,cuối mệnh đề dùng dấu chấm .
            This is my mother, who is a cook .

DẠNG 3: RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

 

  Khi rút gọn MĐQH ta lượt bỏ đại who/that/which và đổi động từ theo dạng sau                      

		Lượt bỏ	Dạng động từ	Đổi thành
-a/an/the -ttsh -this/that/these/those -từ chỉ số lượng	N	who which that	Vthường be be + Ving/ed	Ving being Ving/ed
the first/second/third/fourth/ …last/all/only/any/every/most/  est		that	Vthường be be + Ving/ed	to V0 to be to be V3/ing

 

EXAMPLES

The man who spoke to John is my brother.       The man speaking to John is my brother.

The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.       The books written by To Hoai are interesting.

Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.             Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space.

           

 

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Câu điều kiện)

 

TYPES	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
1. Real in the Present     or Future Possible (coù thaät ôû hieän taïi hoaëc coù theå xaûy ra ôû töông lai)	S   +   V1	S   +   will / can   +   Vo          S    +   V (o / s / es)          Vo
2. Unreal in the Present (khoâng coù thaät ôû hieän taïi)	S   +   V2/ ed (past subjunctive)	S   +   would / could   +  Vo
3. Unreal in the Past (khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù khöù)	S   +   had + V3/ ed (past perfect subjunctive)	S  +  would / could + have + V3/ ed

 

Ex:       1. If I have time, I will help you.

                Please call me if you hear from Jane.

            2. If I were you, I would come there.

            3. If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

 

@ NOTES:

 

1.      If you should see Tom this evening, tell him to phone me.

=  Should you see Tom this evening, tell him to phone me.

2.      If they were stronger, they could lift the table.

=  Were they stronger, they could lift the table.

3.      If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

= Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

4.      If you had had breakfast, you wouldn’t be hungry now.

 

@ SOME OTHER CASES:

 

CONJUNCTIONS	MEANINGS	EXAMPLES
If … not = unless	nếu … không	- If you do notstudy harder, you will get low grade. = Unless you study harder, you will get low grade. - If he is not here, you can leave. = Unless he is here, you can leave.
or, or else, otherwise	nếu không thì	- Go out now or I will call the police = Go out now, otherwise I will call the police
in case	trong trường hợp, phòng khi	- You should bring the umbrella in case it rains.
provided / providing (that) / as long as	miễn là	- You can camp here provided you leave no mess.

@ AS IF / AS THOUGH: Y nhö theå

 

TYPES	FORMS
1. Unreal in the Present (khoâng coù thaät ôû hieän taïi)	S + V (present) +   as if    +  S   +   V2/ ed                                                                                     (past subjunctive)
2. Unreal in the Past (khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù khöù)	S + V (past)      +   as if    +  S   +   had V3/ ed                                                         (past perfect subjunctive)

 

Ex:      1. He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich)

            2. Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.

                (She didn’t win the grand prize)

 

@ WISH / IF ONLY

 

TYPES	FORMS
1. Future wish	S + WISH  +  S would / could + Vo
2. Present Wish	S + WISH  +  S + V2/ed   (past subjunctive)
3. Past wish	S + WISH  +  S + had V3/ed  (could have V3/ed  )

 

Ex:       1. I wish I could be an astronaut in the future.

            2. I wish I were rich. (I am poor now)

            3. She wishes she hadn’t failed her exam last year. (She failed her exam last year.)

 

TAG QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi đuôi)

• Example:

                        It's a beautiful day, isn't it?

                        You speak English, don't you?

                        Ann can't swim, can she?

• Notes:

1.      I'm late, aren't I?

2.      Let's go, shall we?

3.      Someone had recognized him, hadn't they?

4.      Something is wrong with Jane today, isn’t it?

5.      There aren’t any problems, are there?

6.      That is her umbrella, isn’t it?

USE / USED TO / BE USED TO

 

FORMS	MEANINGS	EXAMPLES
Use   +   O    + to V	dùng, sử dụng	People use money to buy food.
Be used         + to V	được dùng để (dạng bị động)	Money is used to buy food.
Used to         + Vo	đã từng (thói quen trong qk)	He used to smoke.
Be used to    +  V-ing Get used to   +  V-ing	quen với	He is used to getting up early.

 

CONJUNCTIONS: Liên từ

 

	FORMS	MEANINGS	EXAMPLES
1	Both       +   S1  +  and   +   S2   +   Vplural	cả hai	- Both Tom and Ann were late.
2	Either     +   S1  +    or   +   S2   +   V (S2)	hoặc … hoặc	- Either he or I am wrong. - I think she's either Russian or Polish.
3	Neither   +   S1  +  nor   +   S2   +   V (S2)	không   … không	- Neither he nor I am happy. - I am neither rich nor poor.
4	Not only +   S1  +  but also + S2  +  V (S2)	không những …mà còn	- Robert is not only talented but also handsome.

 

INVERSION OF THE VERB: Đảo ngữ

 

The verb is used in the inverted form after certain adverbs and adverb phrases if they are placed first in a sentence or clause.

 

Never                                                              : khoâng bao giôø, chöa bao giôø

Seldom                                                           : ít khi

Only by                                                           : chæ baèng caùch

Only then / when                                           : chæ luùc ñoù, chæ khi

Not only  (… but also)                                                : khoâng nhöõng … maø coøn

Not until                                                         : maõi cho ñeán khi

Hardly ever                                                    : ít khi

Hardly … when = Scarcely … when               : vöøa môùi … thì

No sooner … than …                                        : vöøa môùi … thì

So … that …                                                      : ñeán noãi maø

Neither / Nor                                                 : cuõng khoâng

So                                                                    : cuõng vaäy

Nowhere                                                         : khoâng nôi naøo

In no circumstances                                       : khoâng ôû tröôøng hôïp naøo

On no account                                                            : khoâng vì lí do gì

 

Ex: 1. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house.

              Hardly had he had time to settle down when he sold the house.

              Scarcely had he had time to settle down when he sold the house.

              No sooner had he had time to settle down than he sold the house.

      2. He didn’t return to his native village until the war ended.

          (It was not until the war ended that he returned to his native village)

             Not until the war ended did he return to his native village

      3. The question is so difficult that nobody can answer it.

             So difficult is the question that nobody can answer it.

@ NOTES:

1. Bill would enjoy a game and Tom would too.

   = Bill would enjoy a game and so would Tom.

2. He didn’t like the book, I didn’t either.

   = He didn’t like the book, neither / nor did I.

CONNECTORS

CONNECTORS	MEANINGS	FORMS	POSITIONS
SO	vì vậy (biểu thị kết quả tác động của vế thứ nhất)	Clause 1, so + clause 2         (Tom was too angry, so he left without saying anything)	Liên từ này đứng trước vế thứ 2 trong 1 câu ghép.
BUT	nhưng (biểu thị ý nghĩa trái ngược với vế thứ nhất)	Clause 1, but + clause 2     (I tried my best to pass the exam, but I still failed)
THEREFORE	vì vậy (biểu thị kết quả của hành động trong câu trước đó)	Sentence 1. Therefore, sentence 2 Clause 1; therefore, clause 2.       He didn’t study hard. Therefore, he failed the exam. He didn’t study hard; therefore, he failed the exam.	- Liên từ này đứng đầu 1 câu, ngăn cách với vế câu đi sau bằng dấu phẩy. - Ngoài ra, nó có thể là từ nối giữa 2 vế câu trong 1 câu phức. Trong trường hợp này, nó sẽ đi sau dấu chấm phẩy và đứng trước dấu phẩy.
HOWEVER	tuy nhiên (biểu thị ý nghĩa trái ngược với ý nghĩa trước đó)	Sentence 1. However, sentence 2 Clause 1; however, clause 2.         Studying E is not easy. However, it is benificial. Studying E is not easy; however, it is benificial.

 

COMPARISONS

 

Adjs or advs	POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Short	AS + adj + AS NOT SO / AS  + adj + AS	Adj - ER + THAN	THE  + adj - EST
Long		MORE + adj + THAN	THE MOST +  adj

 

Ex:  1. He is as tall as his father.

      John sings as well as his sister.

      His job is not so difficult as mine.

  2. Today is hotter than yesterday.

      This chair is more comfortable than the other.

  3. John is the tallest boy in the family.

      These shoes are the most expensive of all.

 

@ Double comparatives: (So sánh kép)

FORMS	MEANINGS	EXAMPLES
1. The + comparative + S + V,     the  + comparative + S + V	Caøng … caøng	The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
2. Short adj - ER  and  short adj - ER     MORE and MORE  + long adj	Caøng ngaøy caøng	Betty is younger and younger The food is more and more expensive

 

@ Notes:

Adj & adv	Comparative	Superlative
Good/ well Bad/ badly Many/ much Little     Far	better worse more less farther / further	the best the worst the most the least the farthest / the furthest

            Ex:  She studies (well) than her friend.

                               She studies better than her friend.

• Tính từ ngắn là tính từ có 1 âm tiết hoặc 2 âm tiết nhưng tận cùng là -y, -et, -er, -le, -ow

Ex: happy,                   quiet,                clever,              gentle,              narrow

       happier                  quieter              cleverer            gentler              narrower

 

• Ta dùng more với các trạng từ tận cùng là –ly (trừ early)

 

Ex: more slowly, more fluently, more quickly ...

 

REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tường thuật)

A. STATEMENTS: How to change direct speech into reported speech:

Form: 

S   +   said             (that)    +   S   +   V S   +   told   +   O  (that)    +   S   +   V

• Đổi động từ ở mệnh đề chính thành: said, told …
• Đổi Pronouns, possessive adjectives
• Đổi Verb tense.
• Đổi Adverbs (time, place)

1. Pronouns, possessive adjectives:

Subject	Object	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun
I	me	my	mine
You	you	your	yours
He	him	his	his
She	her	her	hers
It	it	its	its
We	us	our	ours
You	you	your	yours
They	them	their	theirs

2. Verb tense:

Direct speech	Reported speech
1. Present simple    Ex: go 2. Present progressive    Ex: is going 3. Present perfect / Past simple    Ex: have done          swam 4. Past progressive    Ex: was / were going 5. Future simple    Ex: will	1. Past simple    Ex: went 2. Past progressive    Ex: was / were going 3. Past perfect    Ex: had done          had swum 4. Past perfect progressive    Ex: had been going 5. Future in the past    Ex: would

 

3. Adverbs of time & place:

Direct speech	Reported speech
This These Here Now Today Yesterday Tomorrow Ago This week Last week Next week	That Those There Then That day The day before / the previous day The day after / the following day / the next day Before That week The week before / the previous week The week after / the following week / the next week

@ Notes:

• Neáu ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà chính ôû thì hieän taïi ñôn, ta chæ ñoåi ñaïi töø trong lôøi trích daãn.

           Ex: The farmer says, “I hope it will rain tomorrow.”

                          The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow.

                  She says, “I’m tired now.”

                          She says that she is tired now.

• Neáu ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà chính ôû thì quaù khöù ñôn, ta phaûi ñoåi thì, ñaïi töø, töø vaø cuïm töø chæ thôøi gian, nôi choán trong lôøi trích daãn.

           Ex: Judy said, “I will phone you tomorrow.”

                          Judy told me (that) she would phone me the day after.

 

B. COMMANDS:

Form:

S   +   told / asked   +   O   +   (not) to V

 

Ex: “Hurry up, Lan”  

                 He told Lan to hurry up.

       “Don’t make noise in class, please!”    

                 The teacher asked them not to make noise in class.           

 

C. QUESTIONS:

Form:

wh-                +   S   +   V S   +   asked   +   O                                            if / whether   +   S   +   V

 

1.      Wh-Questions:

Ex:   “What time does the film begin?”

                 He asked me what time the film began.

2.      Yes-No Questions:

Ex:   “Have you seen that film?”

                 He asked me if  I had seen that film.

 

@ NOTES:

A. REPORTED SPEECH with INFINITIVE:

Form

V  +   to inf	V    +    O   +    to inf
promise    : hứa agree        : đồng ý hope         : hy vọng offer         : đề nghị want         : muốn	tell                : bảo ask                : yêu cầu want             : muốn advise           : khuyên remind          : nhắc nhở	warn             : cảnh báo encourage     : khuyến khích order             : ra lệnh invite            : mời

 

Ex: “I will help you, Mary” said Peter

Peter promised to help Mary.

Ex: “Look at the board, please!”, said the teacher.

                        The teacher asked the students to look at the board.

B. REPORTED SPEECH with GERUND:

Form:

S   +    V     +     (O)   (prep)     +   V-ing
S   +    V   +    V-ing	S   +   V   +    prep    +   V-ing	S   +   V   +   O   +   prep  +  V-ing
suggest admit  deny	insist on dream of    think of look forward to  apologize (to sb) for	accuse sb of           thank sb for congratulate sb on prevent sb from warn sb against

Ex: “Let’s go out for a drink,” Susan said.

                Susan suggested going out for a drink.

       “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan.

                Peter insisted  on helping Susan with her physics exercise.

                    Tom said to me, “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much.”

                            Tom thanked me for helping him.

 

C. CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH:

 

TYPE	DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
1	“If it rains, I will stay at home to read books,” said the boy.	- The boy said that if it rained, he would stay at home to read books.
2	“If I were a millionaire, I could help poor children,” said the man.	- The man told me if he were a millionaire, he could help poor children.
3	“If you had had breakfast, you wouldn’t have been hungry,” said the man.	- The man told me if I had had breakfast, I wouldn’t have been hungry.

 

How to change direct speech into reported speech:

• Đổi động từ ở mệnh đề chính thành: said, told …
• Verb tense:

-         Type 1: luøi laïi 1 thì khi ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ñöôïc duøng ôû thì quaù khöù.

-         Type 2, 3: giöõ nguyeân thì ñoäng töø

• Pronouns, possessive adjectives
• Adverbs (time, place)

I. INFINITIVE: Infinitive ñöùng sau caùc ñoäng töø sau ñaây:

 

Agree                 arrange              attempt                ask             decide           demand             determine           desire                 expect                fail                      help            hope              intend               learn                  manage              mean                  need                    offer           plan               prepare             pretend               promise             propose               refuse                 seem           tend               want                 wish

                        Ex: He doesn’t want to know.

Advise           allow           ask           enable          encourage            expect          invite         order             permit         request     tell               want                      warn            wish

                        Ex: He advised me to leave here early.

 

II. GERUND:  Gerund ñöùng sau caùc ñoäng töø sau ñaây:

 

Admit                 appreciate               avoid                can’t help                  consider               delay                  deny                   enjoy                       finish                keep                          imagine               mind                         miss                   postpone                  practise             prevent                     quit                       resent               resist                  risk                          suggest              understand

                        Ex: We enjoy playing football.

III. NOTES:

A. GERUND or INFINITIVE: (the meaning changes)

	VERBS	MEANINGS	EXAMPLES
1	Remember Forget Regret	+ to V (hành động chưa xảy ra)	Please remember to return the book tomorrow.
		+ V-ing (hành động đã xảy ra)	I’ll never forget seeing her at the first time.
2	Stop	+ to V (dừng lại để làm việc khác)	He stopped to eat. (dừng công việc để ăn)
		+ V-ing (từ bỏ, dừng việc đang làm)	My father stopped smoking two months ago. (bỏ hút thuốc)
3	Try	+ to V (cố gắng làm việc gì)	I will try to study hard so that my parents stop worrying about me.
		+ V-ing (thử làm việc gì)	He tried making a cake but he didn’t succeed.

 

B. VERBS OF PERCEPTION:

hear                                                                  see                                                                        Vo (söï hoaøn taát cuûa haønh ñoäng) smell               +           O            +                        feel                                                                       V-ing (söï tieáp dieãn cuûa haønh ñoäng) notice                                                                          watch...

            Ex:      We saw him leave the house.

She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.

 

C.

Make / let   +  O  +  Vo

           

Ex:      He made me move my car.

 

D.

Modal Verbs (will, can, may, must, should, had better, have to ...)   +  Vo

 

            Ex:      The children had better go to bed early.

 

PREPOSITIONS

 

I. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME:

• On

On Sunday (morning) / 25th April / New Year’s Day

On holiday / business / duty / a trip / an excursion / fire / sale / a diet

• In

In April / 1980

In summer / spring / autumn / winter

In five minutes / a few days / two years

In the morning / afternoon / evening

• At

At 8 o’clock / the weekend / night / Christmas

At the end of ... / at the age of

• From...to...

From 1977 to 1985

• Since

Since 1985 / Monday / 2 o’clock

• For

For three days / a long time / one hour.

 

II. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE:

• On

On a table / a wall / a bus / a train / a plane / the floor / a horse / television / the radio / the telephone

• In

In a garden / a park / a town / the water / my office / hospital / a car

In the middle of...

• At

At home / work / school / university / the station / the airport / a concert / a party / a football match

At 10 Pasteur Street

• By

By car / bus / plane (on foot)

By accident / chance

• For

For a walk / a swim / a drink

For breakfast / lunch / dinner

VERB + NOUN + PREP:

- give way to      : nhượng bộ, chịu thua - give place to    : nhường chỗ cho - lose sight of     : mất hút, không nhìn thấy nữa - lose track of     : mất dấu vết - lose touch with: mất liên lạc với - make allowance for: xét đến, chiếu cố - make use of     : dùng, tận dụng - make fun of     : chọc ghẹo, chế nhạo - make room for : dọn chỗ cho - make a fuss over / about: làm om xòm về

- catch sight of        : thoáng thấy - keep pace with      : theo kịp - pay attention to     : chú ý đến - put a stop to          : put an end to: chấm dứt - set fire to: burn     : phóng hỏa - take advantage of  : lợi dụng - take care of           : chăm sóc - take account of     : quan tâm tới, lưu ý tới - take note of           : lưu ý đến - take notice of        : chú ý thấy, nhận thấy

IV. VERB + PREP:

 

1. VERB + TO - apologize to sb for sth - belong to - complain to sb about sb / sth - happen to - introduce to - listen to - speak / talk to sb - write to - prefer ... to ... - explain ... to ... - invite ... to ...	2. VERB + FOR - apply for - care for - pay for - look for - wait for - blame ... for - leave ... for - search ... for - ask ... for	3. VERB + ABOUT - care about - dream about sb / sth - think about - hear about: be told about - warn ... about
4. VERB + ON - concentrate on / focus on - depend on / rely on - live on - congratulate ... on - spend ... on	5. VERB + OF - consist of - die of - take care of - accuse ... of - remind ... of	6. VERB + AT - laugh at / smile at - shout at - look at / stare at / glance at - point at / aim at
7. VERB + IN - succeed in - arrive in / at	8. VERB + WITH - provide ... with - charge ... with	9. VERB + FROM - suffer ... from / borrow ... from - save / protect / prevent ... from

 

V. ADJECTIVE + PREP:

1. ADJ + TO - accustomed to - addicted to - harmful to - similar to / agreeable to	2. ADJ + FOR - available for - responsible for - famous for - late for	3. ADJ + ABOUT - angry about - anxious about - worried about - excited about
4. ADJ + ON - keen on - dependent on	5. ADJ + OF - afraid of / full of - aware of / tired of - ashamed of - capable of	6. ADJ + AT - surprised at - quick at - bad / good at -brilliant at
7. ADJ + IN - confident in - successful in - interested in - rich in	8. ADJ + WITH - equipped with - bored with - busy with - acquainted with	9. ADJ + FROM - different from - absent from - safe from

 

SOME STRUCTURES

1.  Quaù neân khoâng theå

	S + be + too + adj + (for O) to V

 

 

                       

 

 

Ex: He is too short to play basketball.

 

      2.  Ñuû ñeå

	S + be + adj + enough + (for O) to V

 

 

 

 

Ex: She isn’t old enough to drive a car.

 

3.   Ñeán noãi maø

	S + be + so     +             adj             +   that   +   S   +   V S + be + such + (a/ an) + adj + N   +   that   +   S   +   V

 

 

 

     

Ex: The question is so difficult that nobody can answer it.

                               It is such a difficult question that nobody can answer it.

 

S  +  V  + so  +  many / few   +   Nđđsn     +   that    +  S  +  V

S  +  V  + so  + much / little  +   Nkđđ       +   that    +  S  +  V

S  +  V  + so  +    adj  +  a    +   Nđđ số ít    +   that    +  S  +  V

    

Ex:       The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.

                                    He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now.

                                    It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

(= It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.)

 

To V/ V-ing + is/ was + adj  (for O)                  It + is/ was + adj  (for O) +  to V                  S  +  find  +  it  + adj  +  to V

      4.

 

     

           

 

 

 

Ex: Learning English is difficult.

                                                         It is difficult to learn English.

                                                         I find it difficult to learn English.

 

      5.  Maát bao laâu ñeå laøm gì

	It takes / took       +    O    +    time    +    to V S +  spend / spent              +    time    +    V-ing

 

 

 

                       

 

 

Ex: It took her fifteen minutes to clean the floor.

                               She spent fifteen minutes cleaning the floor.

      6.   Ñeå maø

 

 

to V S  +  V         +         in order        +    to V                                 so as            +    to V

S  +  V         +         so that          +    S   +   V                             in order that

                       

Ex: I try to study to pass my next exam.

                               I try to study so that I can pass the exam.

 

     7.

S  + began / started + to V / V-ing ...

 

S  +  has / have been  +  V-ing  +  since / for... It’s + time (khoảng thời gian)  +  since  +  S + V2/ed

 

                        Ex: My mother began cooking for the party an hour ago.

                                   My mother has been cooking for the party for an hour.

                                   It’s an hour since my mother cooked for the party.

    

     8.

S   +   V (present perfect) … +   time

 

It is  +  time … +  since  +  S  +  V2/ed

                       

 

Ex: I haven’t seen my father for one month.

                                 It is one month since I last saw my father.

 

     9.

S  +  have / has not  +   V 3/ed

 

It is the first time  +  S  +  have / has   +   V 3/ed

                       

Ex: I haven’t seen that man here before.

                                  It’s the first time I have seen that man here.

 

     10.

S  +  have / has not  +  V 3/ed … since (for)

 

S   +   last   +   V (past) … when … The last time   +    clause   +   was …

                       

Ex: I haven’t heard him since August.

                                 The last time I heard him was in August.

                               I haven’t seen him since I was a student.

                                 I last saw him when I was a student.

 

WORD FORMS (Cấu tạo từ)

 

 

PARTS OF SPEECH	FORMS	EXAMPLES	POSITIONS (FUNCTIONS)	EXAMPLES
NOUNS	- ion / ation - ment - er / or - ist / ian - ity - ness - ce - th	- prevention, conservation - employment, development - singer, actor - artist, musician - possibility, nationality - happiness, sadness - importance, difference - death, warmth, width	- Làm S   - Làm O     - Sau his, her, my… - Sau giới từ   (The N of N) - A/ an/ the/ many/ a lot of ... + (adj) N	- Prevention is better than cure. - Hard work always brings happiness and success. - His success   - The bad effects of pollution   - A teacher
VERBS	- en / en- - ize - fy	- endanger, enrich, widen - modernize, industrialize - beautify, diversify	- Sau S	- They have widened this road.
ADJECTIVES	- ful - less - ous - able - ive - al	- harmful, useful, careful - useless, careless, hopeless - dangerous, famous - comfortable, valuable - attractive, active - industrial, natural, national	- Sau BE - Sau get, seem          look, sound          become, feel - Trước danh từ          adj + N	- She is careful - He becomes famous     - A beautiful girl
ADVERBS	- ly - Một số trạng từ đặc biệt	- carefully, beautifully -    good  ® well late    ®  late hard   ® hard early  ® early fast    ®  fast	- Sau V thường (hoặc trước Vthường)     - Trước tính từ         Adv + adj	- He drives carefully.  - He angrily denied breaking that vase.   - This exercise is extremely difficult.

 

PHONETICS (Ngữ âm)

A. SOUNDS

HOW TO PRONOUNCE “-ED”:

/ id /	/ t /	/ d /
t, d	ch, p, k, sh, s, f, x ( t, p,  k, , s,  f  )	………
wanted, decided	stopped, kicked, laughed, missed, watched, washed, fixed	loved, delivered

 

HOW TO PRONOUNCE “-S”, “-ES”:

/ iz /	/ s /	/ z /
ce, ge, ch, x, sh, s, z ( ks, s, z, dz, t, )	p,  t,  k,  f,  gh,  th ( p,  t,  k,  f,  O )	………
boxes ,  misses , quizzes ,  practices changes , watches ,  washes	lamps ,  laughs ,  books ,  sits ,  months	teachers ,  studies ,   explains schools

 

B. STRESS

STRESS	SYLLABLES	EXAMPLES
1. Trọng âm rơi vào các hậu tố	- ee - eer - ese - ain - aire - ique	- degree, referee   - engineer, pioneer - Vietnamese, Japanese    - contain, remain - millionaire, questionaire   - technique, unique
2. Trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết trước các hậu tố	- tion - sion - ic - ical - ian - ity - itive - logy / graphy	- protection, condition            - decision, impression - economic, scientific - political, electrical - musician, politician - necessity, ability   - sensitive, competitive - psychology, geography
3. Thường thì gốc từ mang trọng âm khi thêm một số tiền tố và hậu tố, trọng âm ko đổi	- Tiền tố: un, im, in, ir, dis, non, en, re, over, under - Hậu tố : ful, less, able, al, ous, ly, er, ize, en, ment, ness, ship, hood	- danger / dangerous / endanger   - happy / happiness

 

 

SPEAKING

 

@ WH - QUESTIONS:

 

INTERROGATIVE WORDS	MEANINGS	EXAMPLES
What … for?	- hỏi mục đích	- What do you study English for? o       To get a good job.
What + be + like?	- như thế nào	- What is the weather like? o       It’s sunny.
What + … + look like?	- hỏi ngoại hình	- What does he look like? o       He’s tall and thin with blue eyes.
What time / color / kind...?	- hỏi giờ, màu sắc, loại	- What time is it? o       It’s 7 o’clock.
Which…?	- lựa chọn	- Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? o       Coffee.
How…?	- như thế nào / phương tiện / cách thức	- How do you go to school? o       By bicycle.
How much / many …?   How old …?         How far…?             How long…?      How often…?	- bao nhiêu   - bao nhiêu tuổi   - bao xa   - bao lâu   - thường xuyên	- How many people are there in your family? o       Four people. - How old are you? o       I’m 18 years old. - How far is it from here to the post office? o       Two kilometres. - How long does it take you to go to school? o       25 minutes. - How often do you go shopping? o       Twice a month.
Why…?	- tại sao	- Why do you study English? o       Because I want to get a good job in the future.
When…?	- khi nào	- When were you born? o       In 1993.
Where…?	- ở đâu	- Where do you live? o       In Long Xuyen.

@ QUESTIONS & RESPONSES:

 

TOPICS	QUESTIONS / EXPRESSIONS	RESPONSES
1. Giới thiệu                  và chào hỏi	- Nice / Glad to meet you.  - How do you do?	- Nice / Glad to meet you, too. - How do you do?
2. Xin phép	- May I go out?	- Sure.                                        - Of course.
3. Yêu cầu	- Could you bring me some water? - Would you mind helping me?	- Sure / Of course. - No problem.
4. Mời và đề nghị	- Would you like to go for a walk? - How about going to the cinema? - Let’s go to the cinema. - Why don’t we go to the cinema?	- Yes, I’d love to.                        - That sounds great!                         - OK. Let’s do that. - That’s a good idea.
5. Lời khen	- What a beautiful dress you’ve got! - How nice your house is!	- I’m glad you like it. - Thank you for your saying so. - That’s a nice compliment. - It’s very kind of you to say so.
6. Lời chúc	- Happy New Year!	- The same to you. - You too.
7. Cảm ơn	- That was nice of you. Thank you. - Thank you for helping me.	- It’s my pleasure (to help). - Not at all. / You’re welcome. - Don’t mention it. / Forget it. - That’s OK / alright.
8. Xin lỗi	- I’m terribly sorry about… - I’d like to apologize for…	- You don’t need to apologize. - Don’t worry about it. - No problem / Forget it/ It’s OK.
9. Báo tin	- I’m having an English test tomorrow.	- Good luck!
	- Good news: o   I’ve passed the final exam!	- Fantastic / That’s great! - Congratulations! - I’m glad to hear that.
	- Bad news: o   I have lost the job for two weeks.	- I’m sorry to hear that.